| The substation automation system (SAS) is characterized by its ability to replace manual operator operations with automated functions, as implied by its name. Automated operations are essential for ensuring the safe and dependable functioning of electric power transmission and distribution. The functions encompassed in this list include, but are not restricted to, monitoring, data collecting, protection, control, and remote access communications. The substation automation system plays a crucial role in providing essential information to the central system at the utility level (business). Conversely, the SAS receives updated control data from the control centers in order to maintain the regular operation of the power system. For instance, numerous functions in SAS are synchronized to automatically recover from equipment failure or short-circuit failures. These functions utilize several devices, with their responsibilities divided between primary equipment (such as circuit breakers, transformers, instrument transformers, etc.) and secondary equipment (such as protective relays, merging units, intelligent electronic devices). | 
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